|
Amended
IN
Assembly
March 24, 2011 |
| Introduced by
Assembly Member
Mansoor |
February 18, 2011 |
(1)
(2)
Commencing in the fall of the 1986–87 academic year, the governing board of each school district shall, each academic year, notify pupils in grades 7 to 12, inclusive, and the parents or guardians of all pupils enrolled in the district, that school authorities may excuse any pupil from the school for the purpose of obtaining confidential medical services without the consent of the pupil’s parent or guardian.
The notice required pursuant to this section may be included with any other notice given pursuant to this code.
The Legislature finds and declares all of the following:
(a)When children and adolescents are screened for mental disorders in educational settings, parents are not given sufficient information about the purpose of these screenings and the possible ramifications of consenting to these screenings, such as mandatory psychological or psychiatric treatment for their child and family.
(b)In educational settings, a system of passive consent is often utilized whereby consent to a mental health screening is considered provided when the parent does not return the consent form. This system places the burden of obtaining consent on the pupil and parent, rather than on the school
and the mental health professional or agency seeking to conduct the screening.
(c)Because mental health screening consent forms often omit pertinent information, such as information about the personal questions the child will be asked and information about what types of mental disorders are being tested, consent forms often mislead parents as to the nature of the mental health screening and leave the parent with insufficient information to make a decision regarding consent.
(d)The mental disorders that are being screened in educational settings are based on those defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), but according to the introductory text of the DSM, there is no definition that adequately specifies precise boundaries for the concept of “mental disorder.”
(e)Unlike physical
diseases such as cancer, diabetes, or tuberculosis, mental disorders or syndromes cannot be diagnosed by medical tests, such as brain scans, X-rays, or blood tests. The former United States Surgeon General, in his 1999 report on Mental Health, stated, “The diagnosis of mental disorders is often believed to be more difficult than diagnosis of medical disorders since there is no definitive lesion, laboratory test, or abnormality in brain tissue that can identify the illness.”
(f)According to Dr. Joseph Glenmullen of the Harvard Medical School, the rating scales that are used to screen people for conditions such as depression are designed to fit hand-in-glove with the effects of drugs, and furthermore, while using a rating scale to diagnose depression may appear to be scientific, when one examines the questions asked and the scales used, they are utterly subjective measures.
(g)Based on the subjective nature of the mental health diagnostic system and mental health screenings, millions of children are prescribed antidepressants or stimulants recognized by leading drug regulatory agencies as causing suicidal behavior, suicide, violence, hostility, and, in the case of stimulants, the potential for strokes and heart attacks. In 2004, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required that a warning of suicide risk be placed on all antidepressants prescribed to individuals under 18 years of age. In 2005, the Commission of European Communities issued the strongest warning yet against child antidepressant use, warning of the potential of drugs to cause suicide, aggression, hostility, and related behavior. In 2006, the FDA Advisory Committee recommended that a warning of heart attacks and strokes be placed on stimulants.
(h)Therefore, parents must be given sufficient information about the nature
and ramifications of mental health screenings in educational settings in order to give their informed consent to these screenings.
This article shall be known and may be cited as the Mental Health Screening, Child Protection, and Informed Consent Act.
(a)The governing board of each school district maintaining kindergarten or any of grades 1 to 12, inclusive, shall not conduct any mental or psychological screening or testing of a minor pupil unless it has obtained the written consent of the pupil’s parent or guardian on the consent form developed by the department pursuant to subdivision (c) not less than 45 days before conducting the planned screen or test.
(b)Prior to obtaining the written consent of a pupil’s parent or guardian, a school district shall provide the parent or guardian with access to a manual or other published information which fully describes all of the following:
(1)The nature and purpose of the screening
or testing.
(2)The development of the screening or testing, its scientific validity as replicated in scientific studies, and the rationale for and reliability of the screening or testing.
(3)Scientific journal citations demonstrating that the proposed screening or testing has been proven to be reliable and valid by replicated scientific studies.
(4)A guarantee that no screening or testing is based on or related to any mental disorder as covered in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
(5)The intended use of the results or outcomes of screening or testing.
(6)The right to rescind consent at any time before, during, or after the screening or testing.
(c)The department shall develop and make available to school districts a consent form as follows.
(1)The consent form shall be in a clear and legible format, comply with any applicable provisions of state or federal law regarding consent to mental health or psychological screening or testing, and be in the primary language of the parent or guardian.
(2)The consent form shall include all of the following:
(A)The following title centered and in bold type at the top of the form:
“FULLY INFORMED CONSENT FOR MENTAL HEALTH OR PSYCHOLOGICAL SCREENING OR TESTING.”
(B)A designated line in which to print the name of the pupil’s parent or guardian.
(C)A designated line in which to print the name of the school or organization conducting the screening or testing.
(D)The name of the screening or testing program, and the proposed time and location of the screen or test.
(E)All of the following informational statements:
(i)“Mental health or psychological screening or testing methods for children and adolescents vary from state to state, but may involve a self-administered computer interview or survey to determine how a pupil feels emotionally (anxious or worried, sad or depressed) or to judge his or her behavior at the present time or
in the past. These questions can cover thoughts or feelings your child has had or thoughts and feelings your child thinks you may have had or currently have about him or her.”
(ii)“As a result of the screening or testing of your child, you may be asked to take your child for a followup interview or evaluation to determine if he or she has a mental disorder or syndrome. Based on an evaluation of your child’s answers to questions posed by a mental health professional, your child may be diagnosed with a mental or psychiatric disorder. These diagnoses have to be made by a psychologist, psychiatrist, or a medical doctor, but the subjectivity of this diagnostic process makes it a risk.”
(iii)“Questionnaires or tests are frequently based on symptoms outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the mental disorders section of the International
Classification of Diseases (ICD). Psychologists, psychiatrists, and medical doctors often depend upon these diagnoses in order to bill private or government insurance providers.”
(iv)“The determination of whether the attitudes, beliefs, actions, inactions, or behaviors of a child or adolescent constitute a mental disorder is based only on the opinion of the person making the diagnosis. Unlike methods to determine physical diseases like cancer, diabetes, or tuberculosis, a diagnosis of a mental disorder or syndrome cannot be determined by any physical, medical test, such as a brain scan, chemical imbalance test, X-ray, or blood test.”
(v)“Mental health or psychological screening or testing may be presented to you as a means of preventing suicide. However, there is no scientific evidence to substantiate this assertion at this time. The United States Preventive Services Task Force
(USPSTF) studied this assertion and recommended against screening for suicide in 2004, stating that it ‘found no evidence that screening for suicide risk reduces suicide attempts or mortality.’”
(vi)“Psychiatric drugs that are commonly prescribed to treat mental disorders can have very serious effects on some children. In 2005, the European Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), which includes members from 25 European member states, determined that antidepressants should not be prescribed to children who are less than 18 years of age because they can produce suicidal behavior, including suicide attempts and thinking about suicide, and related behavior, including self-harm, hostility, or mood changes.”
(vii)“The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ordered that a black box, its highest level of drug warning, be placed on antidepressant packaging to
warn consumers that the drugs can induce suicide in children and teens. The FDA also has stated concerns that stimulant drugs prescribed for children may cause ‘psychiatric events,’ including ‘visual hallucinations, suicidal ideation, psychotic behavior, as well as aggression or violent behavior.’”
(F)A statement of the requirements described in subdivision (b) and an acknowledgment by the parent or guardian that the school district complied with those requirements.
(G)An acknowledgment by the parent or guardian that he or she has read and understood the information on the consent form, and either consents or does not consent to the screen or test.
(H)An acknowledgment, if the parent or guardian consents to the screen or test, that he or she permits the information obtained from the screen or test to be part of
the pupil’s school record, to the extent consistent with state or federal law.
(I)An acknowledgment, if the parent or guardian consents to the screen or test, that he or she permits the information obtained from the screen or test to be transmitted to any outside agencies or individuals, to the extent consistent with state or federal law.
(J)Separate signature lines for the parent or guardian to consent to the screening or testing or to indicate that he or she does not consent to the screening or testing.
If the Commission on State Mandates determines that this act contains costs mandated by the state, reimbursement to local agencies and school districts for those costs shall be made pursuant to Part 7 (commencing with Section 17500) of Division 4 of Title 2 of the Government Code.